Eli Liily

1. Discuss Eli Lilly’s practices from the perspectives of utilitarianism and rights. The utilitarian principle affirms that, â€Å"an action is right from an ethical point of view if and only if the sum total of utilities produced by that act is greater than the sum total of utilities produced by any other act the agent could have performed in its place.† (Velasquez, 61) When Lilly began using homeless alcoholic subjects for phase 1 testing, they met the requirements set forth by Congress and the FDA. These subjects came forward, regardless of their personal motivation, to perform a service that would benefit the greater good. This act exemplifies utilitarianism. (Utilitarianism Principle, 63) To oppose this principle we would argue the two moral issues of rights and justice simultaneously. Some actions are morally right even if they are unjust (Utilitarianism Principle). An example of this would be a decision to steal food for your family or to let them go hungry. A person would need to decide between â€Å"legal good† versus â€Å"greater good† of feeding your family. The basic notion that separates justice from morality and suggests that one need only consider morality. (Rule-utilitarianism, 69) 2. In your judgment, is the policy of using homeless alcoholics for the test subjects morally appropriate? Why or Why not?  I believe that it is morally appropriate to use homeless alcoholics for test subjects if you consider this, an action is morally right if carrying out the action the agent exercises, exhibits or develops a morally virtuous character, and is morally wrong to the extent that by carrying out the action the agent exercises, exhibits, or develops a morally vicious character. (Virtue theory, 112) To oppose this principle we would argue the two moral issues of rights and justice simultaneously. Some actions are morally right even if they are unjust (Utilitarianism Principle). An example of this would be a decision to steal food for your family or to let them go hungry. A person would need to decide between â€Å"legal good† versus â€Å"greater good† of feeding your family. The basic notion that separates justice from morality and suggests that one need only consider morality. (Rule-utilitarianism, 69) The sacrifices these men are making are for the ultimate good of society. (Utilitarianism theory)

Singnifcane of Role of Media

Using materials from Item C and elsewhere, assess the view that the mass media represent young people as a problem group? (18 Marks) Youth are often portrayed as a ‘problem group’ in society, and as a major source of anti – social behaviour, particularly young working class, and especially African Caribbean, males. The Mass Media often generate this excitement by creating stereotypes of young people as troublemakers, layabouts and vandals, and by exaggerating the occasional deviant behaviour by a few young people out of the proportion to its real significance in society.Media strongly affects youth culture. The media executives are quick to defend their role in youth violence and bullying while selling millions of dollars in ads focused on youth. TV producers, network executives, motion picture companies and others in the media deny any impact of their programs on the attitudes and actions of youth. This essay using materials from Item C asses the view the mass me dia represent young people as a problem group. Some Sociologist argues that the mass media represent young people as a problem group.This has been argued by Cohen. He argues that young people are relatively powerless and an easily identifiable group to blame for society’s problems and therefore the mass media are able to represent young people as a problem group. In his study he found that African Caribbean males are often used as scapegoats by the media to create a sense of unity through the creation of moral panic. Where they generated moral panics based on stereotypes means that all young people from a specific group get labelled as troublemakers and an antisocial problem group.A recent event that backs up Cohen study is the protest of the Rising in tuition fees to ? 9000, where young people were see a bad and making the situation even worse by causing trouble. Thus, showing that the media represent young people as a problem group. However, Signorelli’s (1989) conte nt analysis of over 14,000 American television characters and found that not only young characters were represent as bad but also older characters were also represented as troublemakers. Which therefore show that the media equally represent different age groups as a problem.However, Jewkes (2004) points out that young people are the usual targets of moral panics, their behaves regarded as a barometer to test the usual target of moral panics, Young people are the usual target of moral panics, their behaviour is ‘regarded as a barometer to test the health or sickness of as society’ Furthermore, Pearson (1983) argues that contemporary images usually categorise young people as a problem. He argued that during the â€Å"golden age† media had represented young people with low rates of crime and the youth had respected the police.Pearson believes that the media are in a permanent panic about whatever manifestation of ‘youth as a problem’ is current: the Hoo ligans of Victorian Times, the Teds of the 1950s or the Travellers of today. A recent event that backs up Pearson’s theory is the London Summer 2010 Riots where young people were represented in the media as trouble makers and cause of the whole disturbance, although after research had been conducted more adults were found to be looting and rioting than young people.As well as, the media did not show much of the Young people gathering together to clean the streets of London. Therefore this shows that the media represents young people as problem groups. However Pearson theory has been criticised†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ In addition, Wayne et al. (2008) had conducted a content analysis of 2130 news items across all the main television channels during May 2006. They found that young people were mainly represented as a violent threat to society. They found that it was very rare for news items to feature a young pers on’s perspective or opinion.They note that the media only delivers a one-dimensional picture of youth, one that encourages fear and condemnation rather than understanding. Moreover, they argue that it distracts from the real problems that young people face in the modern world such as homelessness, not being able to get onto the housing ladder, unemployment or mental health and that these might be caused by society’s, or the government’s, failure to take the problems of youth seriously. Thus, showing the media represent young people as a problem group. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Educational Autobiography Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Educational Autobiography - Article Example I had a lot of questions about school buses but I did not want to go to school. I just wanted to play. My mom told me I had to go to school. I walked into the bus the first day of kindergarten. There was this bus driver named Betty; she had long straight hair. I remember our class. It was a beautiful class. I remember when I was in elementary school when my mom was laid off work and my dad had to do two jobs to be able to sustain our family. Despite these challenges she would encourage me to study hard. I used to really admire my cousin Sam who was an engineer. His costumes during Halloween were always science inspired. He took me one day to see The Matrix. He really was my inspiration; he encouraged me to pursue science. One thing I cannot forget is my friend Jeff. Jeff was a great friend of mine who for some reason had the ambitions as I had. He was very intelligent and always gave me a challenge in my academic life. I am happy that he is currently taking computer science in college. To me, high school was the most crucial period of my academic life. It is the time during which I was able to decide the career field that I would pursue. I remember when I was called to the principal’s office; I was very scared. I thought maybe I had done something wrong. I was not mischievous but our principal had a voice that could really scare somebody. When I entered the office, he smiled at me and asked me to sit. After a few minutes it became clear that he only wanted to ask what career I was intending to pursue. I made a sigh of relief as I told him that my dream since I was little was always to become an engineer. After asking me particularly which field of engineering, I told him I wanted to pursue electrical engineering. He told me what a great a choice that was and gave me a few suggestions of colleges I should apply. Although none of them matched my preferences, I appreciated him and left his office knowing that there was someone who believed in

Most important materials science in a Power Plant Research Paper

Most important materials science in a Power Plant - Research Paper Example The conclusion looks at the overall outlook of a hydroelectric power plant touching on its main aspects. Hydroelectric power involves extraction of energy from water that is utilized to turn turbines. These turbines run generators that then produce the electricity in question here. The fact behind this is that rain or water falling on the surface of the earth contains potential energy, which is relative to the direction where its drainage is; it can be a lake, sea, or ocean (Krishnaswamy and Bala 107). The water has to fall against a certain vertical distance to gain maximum amount of energy that will turn the turbines to enhance efficient production of electricity. The amount of power produced in hydroelectric power plants is a little less than that produced in nuclear and thermal power plants. During peak hours, the power produced in the hydroelectric power plants is used by the other power plants, thermal and nuclear, to deliver power to the required sites efficiently. The paper describes materials used in hydroelectric power plants. A hydroelectric power station has to consist of a dam that collects water to a certain height for it to attain the maximum required energy to run turbines. The dam is constructed by incorporating a thick wall across the pathway of a river; all season river. The wall varies in thickness; whereby the base is thicker than the top. The reason as to this is to contain the water since pressure at the bottom is greatest risking breakage of the wall if it is not strong enough. A dam straddles a river, hence blocking the water flow. It collects in the upper part of the dam to form an artificial lake or dam; known as a reservoir (Ahmed, Petersen, and Arvanitides 76). Damming a river changes the kinetic energy in water to potential energy: This could be explained well by using an example of a battery. A battery has stored energy that is not in

Vegetarianism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Vegetarianism - Essay Example On the other side there are people who believe that vegetarianism is the way to go as it does not cause much suffering to animals. However, in an ethical and practical context, vegetarianism is indeed the right choice because it does not cause and pain and suffering to the animals and considering the availability of an array of vegetarian dietary options, the humans do not need to rely on meat to maintain a good health. The one essential fact that goes against a non-vegetarian diet is that to get meat, people do need to kill and mutilate animals, which is ethically wrong (Young 44). Like humans, animals have also been created by Mother Nature. Thereby, like humans, animals also have a right to lead a life devoid of fear and violence. Thereby, killing animals to get meat, especially when there are available a wide variety of vegetarian food choices is indeed cruel and unethical. Like humans, animals also have emotions and they do feel violated and get intimated if somebody tries to harm or kill them (Amato & Partridge. 121). Thereby, the true mark of an ethical individual is that one happens to respect the life inherent in all living beings, including the animals. One can easily witness the extreme violence and hurt that the animals have to bear with by visiting any butchery or slaughterhouse (Amato & Partridge 71). Going by such ethical concerns, vegetarianism is indeed an ethical choice because it is able to provide people with wholesome nutrition, without killing or hurting anybody. The other reason why vegetarianism is a good option is because a vegetarian diet comprises of a range of dietary options that could provide people with a complete diet (Fraser 35). Hence, people do not need to depend on animals flesh to get wholesome nutrition. In fact they can do so by adopting a balanced vegetarian diet that includes greens, vegetables, fruits, beans, nuts and lentils. The idea that one needs to eat meat to get a nutritious meal is totally misplaced and

Reasons for American Civil War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reasons for American Civil War - Essay Example Southern states pursued an agrarian economy at a time when the north was pursuing industrialization. This meant development of different social cultures and political ideologies and ultimately disagreements on over issues of taxation, trade tariffs and the question of state versus federal rights. A major conflict that disrupted the union was the debate concerning slavery and its future. The dispute over slavery resulted in a war where states in the north and west wanted preservation of the union while southern states were pushing for a new and independent confederation of southern states with its constitution. The agrarian southern states largely relied on slaves to supply free labor while northern states were gradually abolishing slavery. A major constitutional compromise came in 1787 and would later be known as the Three-Fifths-Compromise over how to count slaves for purposes of determination total populations in states for the important reasons of taxation and elective representation. The south wanted slaves to be counted as full persons while the north opposed on the account that they did not have rights to vote. A compromise was stricken to count â€Å"all other persons† as just 3/5 of their actual total number. The Compromise of 1850 is yet another one arrived at between the North and South diffusing a political disputed that had lasted four years surrounding the status of those territories that were acquired in the 1846-1846 Mexican-American War. The Fugitive Slave Act was therefore amended to abolish slave trade in Washing D.C, force Texas surrender its claims to New Mexico & its claims north of the Missouri Compromise Line, admit California to the union as a free state and prevent the adoption of the famous Wilmot Proviso. The Missouri Compromise was also cantered on the same territories from the U.S-Mexican War which had heightened the debate on slavery. Abolished pushed to have slavery outlawed in the

Pathopyhsiology1 case senerio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pathopyhsiology1 case senerio - Essay Example Hence, the nurse must try to convince Mrs. J about the severity of her (J’s) health status so as to end her smoking habit permanently and persuade her to take antihypertensive medications regularly. Cardiovascular conditions such as coronary artery disease, high or low BP, cardiomyopathy, and pulmonary hypertension can intensify heart failure. In order to intervene in the coronary artery disease, the nurse can ask the patient to mark his/her pain level on a 0-10 scale. In addition, the nurse may encourage coughing and deep breathing. Medication can be effective for low/high BP. In case of cardiomyopathy, the nurse should place the patient in a position that eases the patient’s respiratory efforts. The nurse must also record intake and output of fluids. For people with pulmonary hypertension, the nurse should provide supplemental oxygen and more diuretics. The nurse can collect necessary information from the patient in order to obtain details of the patient’s past habits. Finally, the nurse should continuously monitor the patient once a new drug is

The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down - Essay Example This again depends on the accuracy and pure knowledge of that language. The health professionals will only depend on what they are told by this third party and not the victims or patient herself. The same applies to the other party (the family of the patients). So the blame is hard to precisely put on anybody because one is not sure about who failed in his/her task. The same thing is true for the MCMC Case as it is not easy to pin point who did wrong as three parties were involved. Besides the chart was so hard to understand something that even the author of the article attests to yet it was the only way to understand Lia and her family. He confirms how hard reading this chart was by confessing to have read it more than a hundred times. However, a psychological doctor of all the people should not use this as an excuse but should be knowledgeable about the different kinds of patients he/she can meet as well as the degree of probing that is required to break through the patient’s mind. It is true that everybody comes from a background that is based on certain culture and however much somebody is deeply entrenched in it, still there is always a possibility to accept the universally and scientifically proven conventional medical practices. This however, depends on the approach that is used to introduce such topics to the person in question here being the patient. For a doctor, giving up on the patient sooner is not always the best thing as evidenced in the way Dan Murphy had given up on the Lees family just after meeting Lia. Dan Murphy in his assertion that the relationship between the Lees and the doctors was spoilt beyond repair was quite judgmental. He is even quick to distance themselves from the mistake as well as vindicating the interpreters of any wrong doing. He appears to level the blames on the Lee’s family. According to the author, even Dan Murphy himself seems to contradict himself by

Labeled behavior Essay Example for Free

Labeled behavior Essay After his release from Wiltwyck, Butch lived with his dad in a run-down tenement in the Bronx. Butch admired his father for his criminal exploits and his time imprison. Butch’s dad got drunk a lot and beat on Butch. Life degenerated into a nightmare and a series of tragedies for Butch. Rather than continue to live being beaten, Butch robbed a taxi driver at knife point and turned himself in to the police. The robbery was also part of his dream to become a real criminal. It was as if going to prison was the only future he could envision. Butch imploded from all the terrible forces within him, including his shattered home life and the terror of living by the code of the street. He became violently angry without provocation and acted as if he were mentally retarded. He claimed to hear voices and tried to choke another boy. Butch was sent to Bellevue Hospital for evaluation. The psychiatrist evaluating him found him seething with anger and ready to explode at any moment. Butch was also lonely and needed someone to love. Nevertheless, he was capable of explosive, homicidal behavior. He was labeled as having childhood schizophrenia, which psychiatrists at the time assigned to anyone hallucinating or claiming to hear voices. At age 14, Butch was sent to Rockland State Hospital. Butch became calmer there when he was removed from his parents’ troubles. A social worker discovered that his mother Marie was a prostitute and his father James, an alcoholic, was in the advanced stages of syphilis. The author speculates that congenital syphilis may have contributed to the family’s troubles. The psychiatrists at Rockland State Hospital diagnosed Butch as having childhood antisocial behavior marked by irritability, inattentiveness, and impulsivity. In adults, the syndrome is known as psychopathy or antisocial personality disorder. Discussion: (1) Heredity Study For the first time a family history of congenital syphilis is noticed. The disease attacks the brain. Personality changes are another symptom. There is no way to know whether or not Butch was suffering from congenital or contracted syphilis and its effects without blood tests on him and the other family members. From the family history, this is a distinct possibility even back to slavery days. (2) Differential Opportunity Theory People deprived of their basic needs such as food, water, shelter, safety, love, and self esteem will seek them any way they can get them. They may give up on their educational goals or not know about them. They fight because they know no other means of resolving conflict. After being beaten by his alcoholic father, Butch turned to crime to return to prison, a place where he would be safe, because he did not know how to escape legally. This theory fails to explain why other people in the same situation escape to live with other family members or turn to friends or some other source of safety other than commit a crime in order to return to prison. (3) Crime and Labeling Theory – Butch’s grandmother Frances has repeatedly told him he has the devil in him, like his father did. She really believed this. He is labeled at the Children’s Center when he begins to hear voices and hallucinate. He is sent to Wiltwyck, which is a residential treatment center for emotionally disturbed boys, and he is given that label. He is labeled as paranoid, aggressive, and prone to violence. Once these labels are attached by professional diagnosticians, it is difficult to remove them. The labels themselves cannot explain Butch’s actions or why he hears voices and hallucinates. The labels describe what Butch says is happening. Example of Behavior #3: Butch tries to sell 150 pornographic pictures and their negatives to Dave Hurwitz in his pawnshop, called â€Å"Dave’s Tailor Shop†, in Milwaukee. Butch stole the pictures from his employer, the Evans Color Lab, which saw no reason to report the crime. Hurwitz told Butch to come back tomorrow, and he would pay him $50 for the pictures. The next morning, Butch confronts Dave, who denies all knowledge of the pictures. Butch sees his photos behind the case register and reaches around to reclaim them. Hurwitz starts pushing him out of the shop. Everything in Butch’s life comes together. Here is a man calling him a liar, trying to hustle HIM, and insulting him. Since he was a boy, he had learned that disrespect was the worst thing a man could do to you. He had been taught to use physical violence to meat that threat. The thought running through Butch’s mind was, â€Å"He is disrespecting me. † Butch goes wild with rage and grabs the long hunting knife from the sheath on his back. He stabs Hurwitz six times and a customer, William Locke, six times before he leaves, almost running over a witness at the door. Butch turns himself in, confesses to the police, never requests a lawyer, and receives life in prison, returning to the only safe place he knows. Discussion: (1) Heredity Study – We do not know if Butch’s genetics predisposed him to crime. There are no blood studies confirming the hereditary syphilis. There are many people with genetic abnormalities who do not become criminal. It is obvious that Butch has now learned he is safe in prison, and that the security there fits his needs. If genetics were involved, Butch’s male ancestors should exhibit the same behavior. The theory is not testable here. There is no way to ask Butch why he feels this way. It also does not explain his uncontrollable rage when the pawnbroker tries to avoid paying him. (2) Differential Opportunity Theory – Butch has access both to a job and to illegal means of making a living. He stole from his employer and continued his life of crime despite the better example and the trade he learned. Not all people with a trade and a job take advantage of their employers, even if their family male role models are criminals. (3) Crime and Labeling Theory – By now, Butch has been labeled by professionals as a young sociopath. This describes behavior but cannot stop it or predict it. This is a circular path. A person who is labeled as a sociopath will behave as one and the label will be confirmed. Sometimes no other reasons are sought for criminal behavior. The adult Butch has received no therapy or other treatment for any of his labeled behavior.

Pip and Joes relationship Essay Example for Free

Pip and Joes relationship Essay But the main turning point for the relationship of these two characters is when he is told by Mr. Jaggers, lawyer who defends Magwitch, Magwitch orders him to keep track of Pips finances. Jaggers serves as Pips guardian during his time in London. Pip moves to London and makes new friends and lives a different life to the one he had during his childhood then we he does come back to see the village he is surprised how much London is different from the marshes and how the people talk and act different. However while Pip is in London he shows a sine of snobbery and vanity and because of this he is ashamed or embarrassed by the arrival of Joe because he thinks it would ruin his reputation with his piers and companions if he was to be seen dinning with a simple person and not the richest and well respected people in London and because of this Pip has to change his personality, his life and most of all his morals and this effects people around him such as Joe and no longer treats him as a best friend but like a far distance friend. But while Joe is at Pips flat little objects and movements shows how Joe has started to treat Pip differently and how he can no longer treat Pip the same way he did at his childhood and how Pip no longer needs help from Joe. One of these objects is the placement of Joes hat and how much of a fuss he makes over it and also the vocabulary he uses and how much he is surprised on Herberts courtesy towards him. Also when Pip sees Joe leave he realizes something very important which is even thought he has money, respect and friends Joe has been there throughout his life and always seem to care about him no matter what and finally discovers the amount of loyalty which is shown towards him and also that Joe is not a simple man or a poorer person he is a hardworking person who deserves everything good that comes to him and a very moral man who is a kind hearted friend. Another key part of the story is just after Magwitch dies and Pip falls ill and Joe takes it on himself to nurse Pip back to health. When Pip does finally awake he is surprised to see Joe Which dear old Pip, old chap, said Joe, you and me was ever friends, And when youre well enough to go out for a ride what larks! in this short piece of writing it shows how excited Joe is to see Pip well and this is almost similar to the start of the story and it is completely different from the vocabulary Joe used in London because now he is in his comfort zone and doesnt need to act a certain way to be accepted. The whole story is finished where it starts back home where he meets Estella and decides to back to London in order to fulfill his dream of becoming a proper gentlemen and also becomes closer than ever to Joe and to his new wife Biddy. In conclusion I have discovered that Pip and Joes relationship is the main basis of the story and it differs from every event and how even in the worst of times Joe will always be there for Pip no matter what situation as he will never change his opinion of Joe. Times may change but there friendship will always be there and this is presented clearly by Dickens and it often refers to his own personal life as his father was put in prison like Magwitch and how he was moved to another village with no choice and finally his love with Ellen Turner is very similar to the obsession which Pip shows for Estella. Overall Dickens presents the relationship as thought they are live long friends or soul mates and this is the main talking point through out the story.

Tuckmans Stages Of Team Development Model Education Essay

Tuckmans Stages Of Team Development Model Education Essay Tuckmans Stages of Team Development model explains how a team develops over time. The five stages of development are: Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. According to Tuckman he says that all of the phases are necessary and inevitable. In order for the team to grow they most face up to challenges, problems, find solutions to problems, planning as a team, and to deliver results. Forming In this first stage of team building, the forming of the team takes place. The individuals behaviour is driven by a desire to be accepted by the others, and avoid controversy or conflict. Serious issues and feelings are avoided, and people focus on being busy with routines, such as team organization, which does what, when to meet, etc. But individuals are also gathering information and impressions about each other, and about the scope of the task and how to approach it. This is a comfortable stage to be in, but the avoidance of conflict and threat means that not much actually gets done. Storming Every group will then enter the storming stage in which different ideas compete for consideration. The team addresses issues such as what problems they are really supposed to solve, how they will function independently and together and what leadership model they will accept. Team members open up to each other and confront each others ideas and perspectives. Norming At the team enter into the Norming stage. Team members behaviour is adjuster to each other. Also the team develop work habits which make the work seem more natural and fluid the team members often work through this stage by agreeing on rules, professional behaviour, there shared methods and working tools. During this phase, team members start trust one other and motivation increases as the team gets more acquainted with their project and goals. Performing As for the teams who will reach the performing stage, the team members are now become interdependent, motivated and knowledgeable. The team members are now competent and able to handle and make decision without being supervision. Dissent is expected and allowed as long as it is channelled through means acceptable to the team. Adjourning was the later stage that Tuckman talk about and this stage is basically on involves dissolution that is terminating roles, completing each teams task and reducing dependency. TRAINING Training can be defined as an educational process. Where people can learn different new ideas and gain information. In most organisation go into training their works making them get and lean more thing. They are different type of training and it important. Why training is important in an organisation Most of the reasons why organisation goes into training are new employees have to learn and gain new skills, and also their motivation is likely to be high. On the other hand, training experienced employees can be problematic. The training needs of such employees are not always easy to determine, and when they can be, the individuals involved may resent being asked to change their established ways of doing their job. Organizations also use more ways to determine the training needs of employees. The performance appraisal: on this one each employees work are measured accorder to their performance standards and objectives established for his or her job. There are different types of training in which organization in training their employees. TYPES OF TRAINING METHOD LECTURE METHOD The lecture is best used for creating a general understanding of a topic. Several variations in the lecture format allow it to be more or less formal and/or interactive. In the pure lecture, communication is one way-from trainer to trainees. It is an extensive oral presentation of material. A good lecture begins with an introduction that lays out the purpose, the order in which topics will be covered, and ground rules about interruptions (e.g., questions and clarification). This is followed by the main body of the lecture in which information is given. The topic areas should be logically sequenced so that the content of preceding topics prepares trainees for the following topics. The lecture should conclude with a summary of the main learning points and/or conclusions. Advantages The lecture training is one of the most efficient teaching methods for presenting many facts or ideas in a relatively short time. Material that has been logically organized can be presented Concisely in rapid sequence. The lecture is particularly suitable for introducing a subject. To ensure that all Students have the necessary background to learn a subject; we can present basic information in a lecture. By using the lecture in this manner, we can offer students with varied backgrounds a common understand. A brief introductory lecture can give direction and purpose to a demonstration or prepare students for a discussion. The lecture is a convenient method for instructing large groups. If necessary, we can use a public address system to ensure that all students can hear us. The lecture is sometimes the only efficient method to use if student-to-faculty ratio is high. Disadvantages . The lecture does not lead to maximum achievement in certain types of learning. Speech skills, cooperative group thinking, and motor skills, for example, are difficult to teach with the lecture method. Students can develop such skills well only through practice. Moreover, the formal lecture alone is generally not appropriate for presenting material above the comprehension level of the cognitive domain. Because it allows for little or no student verbal participation, the formal lecture may also be inefficient for comprehension-level lessons in which concepts and principles are developed. The lecture does not provide teachers with an opportunity to estimate student progress before an examination. Within a single lecture period, we may unwittingly present more information than our students can absorb, and we have little accurate means during the lecture of determining what they have learned. Too often, the lecture makes no provision for participation by the students. As a result, many students willingly allow the instructor to do all the work. Learning is an active process, but the lecture method tends to foster passiveness and dependence on the instructor. APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING Apprenticeship training dates back to the Middle Ages, when skilled craftsmen passed on their knowledge to others as a way of preserving the guilds. Today, apprenticeship programs are partnerships between labour unions, employers, schools, and the government. They are most often found in the skilled trades and professional unions such as boiler engineers, electrical workers, pipe fitters, and carpenters. The typical apprenticeship program requires two years of on-the-job experience and about 180 hours of classroom instruction, though requirements vary. An apprentice must be able to demonstrate mastery of all required skills and knowledge before being allowed to graduate to journeyman status. This is documented through testing and certification processes. Journeymen provide the on-the-job training, while adult education centres and community colleges typically provide the classroom training. Formal apprenticeship programs are regulated by governmental agencies that also set standards and provide services. COACHING Coaching is a process of providing one-on-one guidance and instruction to improve the work performance of the person being coached in a specific area. It differs from other OJT methods in that the trainee already has been working at the job for some time. Usually, coaching is directed at employees with performance deficiencies, but it can also serve as a motivational tool for those performing adequately. Typically the supervisor acts as the coach. Like the OJT trainer, the coach must be skilled both in how to perform the task(s) and how to train others to do them. The amount of time supervisors devote to coaching activities steadily increased during the 1990s and will likely represent more than 50 percent of supervisors time by the new millennium. E-LEARNING Many companies have implemented e-learning, which encompasses several different types of technology assisted training, such as distance learning, computer-based training (CBT), or web-based training (WBT). Distance learning occurs when trainers and trainees are in remote locations; typically, technology is used to broadcast a trainers lecture to many trainees in many separate locations. Distance learning provides many of the same advantages and disadvantages as the lecture method. Distance learning can be much less expensive than paying for trainees in multiple locations to travel for a lecture, but it may reduce motivation to learn because of the remoteness of the trainer. Advantages Convenience is one of the major advantages of e-learning. It allows students to work and learn at their own pace without the unyielding time restrictions of traditional learning. Because e-learning provides access to learning materials at any time, students have the flexibility to schedule around families, jobs and other activities. Another major benefit of e-learning is the accessibility it provides. Students can learn from anywhere in the world. This is an especially important consideration for students who wish to study in a different country. In addition, because e-learning can be done from home, students have less clothing and driving expenses than with traditional learning. Disadvantages A major disadvantage to e-learning is the self-discipline it requires. While being able to work at your own pace can be an advantage, it can also be a disadvantage. This is especially true for students who have difficulty with time management and procrastination. These students tend to be more successful with the structure of traditional learning. Another disadvantage to e-learning is the technology involved. Some people do not have ready access to a computer and Internet connection. And some who do have the required equipment feel ill-equipped to use it. Lack of interaction between teacher and student is another drawback to e-learning. Some students need the immediate feedback that interaction provides. ON-THE-JOB TRAINING The most common method of training, on-the-job training (OJT) uses more experienced and skilled employees to train less skilled and experienced employees. OJT takes many forms and can be supplemented with classroom training. Included within OJT are the job-instruction technique, apprenticeships, coaching, and mentoring. Formal OJT programs are typically conducted by employees who can effectively use one-on-one instructional techniques and who have superior technical knowledge and skills. Since conducting one-on-one training is not a skill most people develop on their own, train-the-trainer training is required for OJT trainers. In addition to training the trainers, formal OJT programs should carefully develop a sequence of learning events for trainees. The formalized instructional process that is most commonly used is called the job-instruction technique . Advantages It is cost effective for the employer because the person continues to work whilst learning. Training time is reduced when compared to traditional off site learning. It has been tested for techniques ranging from milking cows by hand to brain surgery. Structured programs for training multiple trainers, and for in house training of new trainers exist and are available from numerous providers. These programs reduce the training times of unstructured OJT by more than 50% and reduce the perpetuation of less safe and more costly production techniques. Disadvantages Inconsistent Traditional OJT relies heavily on an experienced employee to provide the instructions based on what they feel are the most important topics. What is important to one employee may not be important to another. The result is what is learned may vary greatly, depending on who is assigned as the trainer. Lack of founding principles :While the hands-on aspect of OJT may appeal to the practical learner, often the underlying theories of operation are not covered in sufficient detail or accuracy. Without this foundation of knowledge, trainees often learn what to do, not why they are doing it, resulting in poor decision making when things dont go exactly right. Bad habits : The trainee observes and may adopt the trainers habits and attitudes about all aspects of the job including safety, quality, customer service, and relationship with management. Poorly selected trainers can have many unintended consequences.

Rodrigo’s Reconcile Essay -- essays research papers

Rodrigo’s Reconcile   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reconciliation means to bring back together. In Reconciliation the way we are brought back together with the community is by asking forgiveness. Forgiveness means to pardon or spare. In Greek it means to send forth, put away, and yield up. The other meaning is to give up the desire to punish or to cancel a debt. Jesus gave us the sacrament of Reconciliation. We were granted this sacrament so whenever we turn away from God we have the choice of asking forgiveness so we can be reunited with Him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The four steps in the sacrament of Reconciliation are confession, contrition, penance, and absolution. The first step is confession which allows people to reunite with God by admitting their sins. Before you can heal mentally and spiritually you have to admit your sins. Rodrigo, who was a former slave trader and mercenary, committed a grave sin. He killed his younger brother who he raised as a kid when his parents died. Rodrigo didn’t mean to kill his brother, but it happened during a time of rage against his brother for stealing his girlfriend. Rodrigo knew and accepted the fact that he killed his brother, but he couldn’t let it go. He was really hard on himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After realizing you have sinned against someone, the next step is asking forgiveness from God. Rodrigo Mendosa after killing his brother could not ask forgiveness from God. It was because he couldn’t forgive himself. He needed someone to help him and be with him. At this time along cam...

Movie: All About Eve :: essays research papers

Movie: All About Eve English 30 Spring "97" In the film All About Eve, (directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and released in 1950), Eve Harrison (Anne Baxter) was a young woman with evil running through her veins. She wanted to be "somebody" and chose to get there through Margo Channing (Betty Davis) who was a famous stage star. Eve would do whatever it took to get where she wanted to be, including hurt the ones that trusted her and took her in as a "lost lamb". Though Eve was already evil within and throughout, the people around her made it even easier to acomplish her goals. Margo was one of the most popular stage actresses and put herself high on a pedastel, and looked at someone like Eve as being below her, a poor soul that could be of no threat to anyone, especially Margo Channing. Eve played the meek and shy girl that idolized Margo. She claimed to attend all the preformaces of the play that week due to the fact that she adored Margo and she would have nowhere else to go anyway. Doing this allowed Eve to get her foot in the door. If it wasn't for Margo's conceitedness, Eve would have had to work a little bit harder to get this. Margo took her into her home. Margo's secretary-aid, Birdie (Thelma Ritter), was the first to sense something was strange about Eve, but her position made it not her place to speak her mind. Eve knew this and also knew it would be easy to take control of her position because of this. It would only seem to Margo that she enjoyed doing things for her. Eve charmed Bill Simpson (Gary Merrill), director and Margo's lover, with her feminine qualities that Margo lacked. Eve just seemed to be overly interested in everything Bill had to say about the theater. She used to keep him admiring her and at the same time, drove Margo crazy with jealousy to tear their relationship apart. Little did she realize, Bill had no romantic feelings towards Eve at all, so she blew her cover when she made a pass at him. Karen Richards (Celeste Holm), Margo's best friend, was the one that found and introduced Eve to Margo. She was the type of person that would anything for anyone, sort of niave and trusted Eve from day one. Karen was amazed by Eve's devotion towards her idol. After getting into Margo's home, she used Karen's kindness to subtly suggest that she would love to replace Margo's pregnant understudy. Once again she got her way.

Thorn Queen Chapter Nine

Returning home was great. I was exhausted mentally and physically and didn't even mind the onslaught of dogs and cats that greeted me. Tim stood in the kitchen, mixing up some kind of batter. He also wore a full Native American feather headdress that went all the way down his back. â€Å"Isn't that a Sioux thing?† I asked. â€Å"Er, Lakota?† â€Å"I keep getting in trouble when I pretend to be one of the local tribes,† he explained. â€Å"So, I figure if I claim to be from out of town, no one can push for details. Besides, you're one to judge appearance. Did you sleep out in the rain or something?† Ironically, I had, but I wasn't about to tell him that. â€Å"It's been a long day. Days. Whatever.† â€Å"Lara called like eighty times. She's got a real attitude, you know.† â€Å"That's why she makes the big bucks,† I said with a yawn. â€Å"I'm going to go take a nap. Wake me if she calls.† â€Å"You going to go hear me perform tonight?† he called as I headed down the hall. I froze. â€Å"Oh, um, gee. I've got plans†¦.† â€Å"You do not!† â€Å"I do.† I turned around. â€Å"I'm going to my mom's.† â€Å"The reading's late,† he said. â€Å"Doesn't start until nine. You'll be done by then.† I had long since accepted Tim's fake American Indian gig, but accepting it and witnessing it-aside from when he stood in full regalia in my kitchen-were two entirely different things. â€Å"I've even written new material,† he added when he saw that he wasn't making much progress. â€Å"I'm not sure that's a selling point.† He held up the bowl of brownie mix. â€Å"I'll make them with walnuts.† I sighed and turned back toward my bedroom. â€Å"You don't play fair.† He whooped with joy. â€Å"You'll love it, Eug. I promise.† I fell asleep pretty easily and woke to two pleasant surprises. One was the scent of freshly baked brownies wafting in the air. The other was Kiyo sitting in a chair in my room, eating one of the aforementioned brownies. With the way he'd been in and out lately, I never really knew when to expect him. â€Å"Nice surprise,† I said, sitting up. â€Å"Likewise,† he said, eyeing my bare legs. I'd gone to sleep in a T-shirt. â€Å"Anything new in the Otherworld?† â€Å"Not much. Maiwenn's getting nervous about the delivery, but I kind of figured that would happen.† â€Å"She's got good healers,† I said, wanting to reassure him in spite of all the troubled feelings Maiwenn generated in me. I noticed then that he wore his white coat. â€Å"You going into work?† â€Å"Just got out.† Damn. It was later than I'd realized if he'd hung out with Maiwenn and pulled a shift at work. â€Å"Do you want to go see my parents with me?† Kiyo made a face. â€Å"Roland hates me.† â€Å"Hate is a strong word.† But it wasn't an entirely inaccurate one. Roland, my shaman stepfather, made no secret of the fact that he didn't like me spending as much time as I did in the Otherworld. Bringing home an Otherworldly boyfriend hadn't earned his approval either, even though Kiyo was half-human like me. Still, Roland was always more or less polite. My mother, who didn't know about Kiyo's heritage, couldn't gush over him enough. I think she'd nearly given up on me ever dating anyone, so me landing a veterinarian was quite a coup as far as she was concerned. She was a fantastic cook and so even though Roland made him uneasy, Kiyo still consented to go. â€Å"Are you sure you got enough to eat?† she asked after we finished dinner with them later that night. She operated under the assumption that I was on the verge of malnutrition and that Kiyo was incapable of feeding himself if someone else didn't cook for him. In truth, Kiyo was a much better cook than me. â€Å"It was great,† he assured her. â€Å"Believe me, I had more than enough.† â€Å"Well, don't be afraid to go back for more. Or take home leftovers.† â€Å"Geez, Mom. He had three helpings. Are you fattening him up for the kill?† I asked. â€Å"There are worse fates,† mused Kiyo good-naturedly. My mom beamed. I thought she was exceptionally pretty, but maybe I was just biased. People said we had similar looks, and we did as far as build and facial features went. It was the coloring we differed in. Her eyes were just plain blue, and her dark hair was graying. My reddish hair and violet-blue eyes were Storm King's legacy. After dinner, I stole Roland away to the den to talk shop and left Kiyo to entertain my mother. She knew what it was we did, but after her own experiences in the Otherworld, she preferred to avoid our shamanic discussions. â€Å"Still with him, huh?† asked Roland, relaxing back in an easy chair. â€Å"He's nice, and you know it. He's the same as me.† Roland scratched his head thoughtfully. His hair had gone gray, and he seemed to have new wrinkles every year. He was still more than a match for most Otherworldly foes (even though he'd ostensibly retired), and the crosses, whorls, fish, and other Christian tattoos on his arms could summon the same power my goddess-based ones could. â€Å"He is like you,† he agreed. â€Å"He's not entirely Otherworldly-but he's tied to it. He's spent more of his life there than you, let it become more a part of him. And you being with someone like that means that you'll just be that much more tied to it in return. With everything that's going on over there, it's really better if you stay away.† â€Å"Everything,† of course, meant the prophecy about me bearing the Otherworld's savior. While I usually recapped a lot of my shamanic business to Roland, I had neglected to mention a few of my recent activities-say, like inadvertently conquering a kingdom and becoming a queen. Call me crazy, but I just had to think our relationship would be better if he remained in ignorance about that. â€Å"Well, I've kind of gotten involved with something over there. And don't give me that look,† I warned, seeing his frown. â€Å"I'm helping out some people who need it, and it's too late to back out. But the other day, I saw fire demons.† That got his attention. â€Å"You do mean in the Otherworld, right?† â€Å"God, yes.† Demons in our world would be pretty horrible. â€Å"There were five of them.† He let out a low whistle. â€Å"That's substantial even for them. It'd take a powerful summoner to do that.† â€Å"I was with, uh, some others, and they managed to do some damage, but for the most part, we were useless. I banished one, and that just about wiped me out.† â€Å"Yeah, it can be done, but it's not easy. You could do it with a couple of other shamans, but on your own†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He shook his head. â€Å"I really don't like you getting involved with that.† â€Å"I know, I know, but like I said, it's too late. Do you know how to get rid of them? Aside from assembling a shaman posse?† â€Å"The easiest way-and I use that term loosely-would be to find a gentry who could summon water demons. Put them with fire demons, and they'll all turn on each other.† â€Å"Somehow I'm not optimistic about finding someone like that.† Yet, even as I said that, I wondered if I could do it. As far as I knew, that wasn't part of my storm magic. I could summon water and had once controlled air, bending those forces to my will. Summoning elemental creatures was out of my range. Storm King had allegedly been able to do it. Jasmine had commanded water creatures as well, though I didn't know if that would include demons. It irked me that I couldn't do what the rest of my family could. â€Å"True,† Roland agreed. â€Å"In that case, brute force may be the only way to go. Let them assemble their own forces to get rid of the demons. It's not your problem. It's the gentry's and their leaders' responsibility.† â€Å"Right,† I said uneasily. â€Å"Well, we'll see what happens.† The look he gave me showed that he didn't believe I'd leave this alone. It also said he knew nothing he could say would convince me. â€Å"I've got another question. Ever heard of Otherworldly towns called Ley and Skye?† Shamans generally avoided crossing over to that world, but Roland had been there many times and knew a lot about the land. â€Å"Ley sounds familiar†¦it's in the Alder Land, isn't it? Or is it Rowan?† In addition to not knowing about my queenly status, Rowan also didn't know there'd been a complete upheaval in the Alder Land. â€Å"Rowan,† I said. â€Å"But very close to, um, Alder. There's supposedly a crossroads near there. Do you know where it comes out?† â€Å"No†¦nowhere around here, I'm sure.† â€Å"Any way you could find out?† â€Å"Is this tied in to the demons?† I hesitated a moment and opted for the truth. â€Å"No, it's something else. A different thing I'm helping them out with.† â€Å"Eugenie!† Roland rarely lost his temper, but I could see the anger in his eyes now. â€Å"What are you doing? You can't do this. You can't get entangled in their affairs. Your job is to protect this world, to keep them and the other monsters and ghosts out of here.† â€Å"They're not all bad,† I said, surprised as the words came out of my mouth. â€Å"Do I need to remind you about your mother's abduction and the assorted attempts to rape you?† Hearing him say those words stung, but I held my ground. â€Å"I'm dealing with that. It's not an issue.† â€Å"It's always going to be an issue,† he argued. â€Å"And I'm not going to help you keep getting into more trouble with them.† â€Å"What, are you threatening to cut me off from information?† I exclaimed. â€Å"Maybe. If it'll keep you safe.† â€Å"Well, it won't. The only thing you'll do is put me in more danger if I keep going there uninformed!† His eyes narrowed. â€Å"So now you're the one threatening me?† â€Å"What's going on?† My mother stuck her head in the den's doorway, concern on her face. â€Å"Is everything okay? I thought I heard shouting.† I stood up. â€Å"Roland's just getting hard of hearing, so I was helping him out.† I followed her back to the other room, where Kiyo watched me curiously. Even in human form, he had a fox's hearing, and I wouldn't have found it surprising if he'd heard the whole argument. â€Å"We have to take off,† I said. â€Å"We're going to hear Tim recite some poetry.† Kiyo's raised eyebrow was his only sign of surprise at our evening plans. I'd neglected to tell him earlier because I was pretty sure he would have never left the house with me. He smiled politely at my mom. â€Å"Thanks for dinner. It was great.† My mom was sad to see us go. â€Å"Well, you should come back next weekend. I'll make lasagna. And cherry pie.† I kissed her cheek. â€Å"You don't have to bribe us to come over.† â€Å"No, but it doesn't hurt.† Mad or not, I gave Roland a hug too. In that brief moment, he murmured in my ear, â€Å"I'll talk to Bill.† He sounded weary and defeated, and I hugged him closer. â€Å"Thank you.† Bill was a shaman friend of his in Flagstaff. Once we were finally able to leave, Kiyo didn't waste any time in getting to the point. â€Å"Trouble on the home front?† â€Å"Like you don't know,† I said. â€Å"Told you he hates me.† â€Å"I think he hates me making all these trips to the Otherworld more.† â€Å"But he still thinks I'm a bad influence.† â€Å"You are a bad influence.† We drove in silence for a few moments. Then Kiyo noticed that I wasn't heading toward my house. We were going downtown. â€Å"No,† he groaned. â€Å"We are not actually going to hear Tim, are we? I thought that was just an excuse to leave.† I shook my head. â€Å"Sorry. I promised.† Kiyo sighed but took it like a man. We went to one of Tim's regular venues, a place called the Fox Den. I thought Kiyo would think that was funny, but he didn't. When we walked in, there was a girl on the stage reciting poetry about the bleakness of existence and litter on the side of the highway. Kiyo looked around, taking in the patrons and tables-and then realized we were in a coffee shop, not a bar. â€Å"They don't serve alcohol here? There's no way I can do this without hard liquor.† â€Å"Oh, just hush,† I said, trying to hide my smile. We found a small round table in the middle of the crowded cafe, and I left him there while I went to get hot chocolate. I would have loved coffee but had enough trouble sleeping without the addition of caffeine this late at night. When I returned, I saw three visitors had pulled chairs up to our table. â€Å"Hey, guys,† I said. â€Å"Nice to see you again, Eugenie.† The speaker was named Barbara. She was an elderly woman, belonging to the Pascua Yaqui tribe. Their religious beliefs, while having some similarities to the nature-oriented views of neighboring tribes, had picked up a lot of Christian influences over the years. Indeed, she wore a cross around her neck but was also still regarded by many as a type of holy woman. She had no problem with me calling myself a shaman, as those of other Indian tribes sometimes did. Her grandsons, Felix and Dan, were with her tonight, and they didn't have a problem with me either. Tim, however, was a different story. â€Å"Please tell me your asshole roommate isn't performing tonight,† said Felix. â€Å"Watch your language,† said Barbara in a very grandmotherly way. I shifted uncomfortably. â€Å"Well†¦he might be up there tonight†¦.† â€Å"Jesus Christ,† said Dan, munching on biscotti. He looked apologetically at Barbara before turning to me. â€Å"We've told him a hundred times not to do that.† â€Å"Come on, guys. Don't start something again-it took forever for that last black eye to go away,† I reminded him. Felix shook his head. â€Å"Look, impersonating us wouldn't be so bad-and it is bad-if his poetry wasn't such shit.† â€Å"Felix!† warned Barbara. He turned sheepish. â€Å"Sorry, Grandma. But you know I'm right.† â€Å"It's the only thing he knows how to do,† I said lamely. â€Å"Besides, he's going Lakota tonight-if that helps.† â€Å"I don't think it'll improve the poetry,† noted Kiyo, stretching back in the chair. â€Å"Agreed,† said Felix. â€Å"His poetry's crappiness transcends all cultures.† He looked smugly at his grandmother, pleased that he hadn't sworn this time. She turned to me, ignoring him. â€Å"How's business?† â€Å"Good,† I said. â€Å"Weird.† While she had no issues with me being a shaman, she was sometimes troubled by the thought of me fighting Otherworldly creatures. She seemed undecided about whether they were holy or not, though she had seen her fair share of evil ones and knew what I did was sometimes necessary. She was about to ask me more when Tim suddenly walked onto the stage. He had on the feather headdress, no shirt, and leather chaps. â€Å"Oh God. No,† groaned Felix. Tim held up his hands to silence the scattered applause. â€Å"Thank you, friends,† he said in a deep, flat voice. â€Å"The Great Spirit welcomes you and your joining of our holy circle tonight.† â€Å"I am not even joking,† said Dan. â€Å"I am this close to walking up there and dragging him out back.† â€Å"Please,† I hissed. â€Å"Not tonight.† â€Å"For my first poem,† continued Tim, â€Å"I would like to read you something I was inspired to write while sitting outside and considering the way the beating of a butterfly's wings are just like the beating of our hearts in this transient world.† Spreading his hands wide, he recited. â€Å"Sister Butterfly upon the wind Wings so yellow Let us fly with you into the sky so blue Our souls soaring in the clouds so white As we look down on those who dream to fly But are too afraid And must stay earthbound Like Brother Beetle so brown.† â€Å"I'm going to help Dan,† said Kiyo as the audience applauded. â€Å"I'm going to help him drag Tim off.† â€Å"Seriously?† said Dan, excited. â€Å"No,† said Barbara and I in unison. Tim's next poem was about a mythological woman named Oniata, a girl of divine beauty and youth who came to Earth and caused men everywhere to fight over her. The story was interesting, but like all of his poems, the verses were pretty bad and filled with horrible metaphors. â€Å"That's a real story,† I challenged my companions. â€Å"I've heard it before.† â€Å"Yeah, but it's not Lakota,† said Felix. â€Å"I think it's Iroquois or something.† â€Å"Honestly, I don't think it matters at this point,† said Dan, looking weary. â€Å"Besides, everyone's got some story about unearthly beautiful women.† Kiyo linked his hand with mine and murmured, â€Å"And fortunately, I've got my own.† â€Å"Sly man,† I said back. â€Å"Sly as a fox.† When the poetry reading wrapped up, Tim sold his self-published poetry books. I think this was the most remarkable part of all-he always sold a bunch. And the women†¦the women loved him. A number were cozying up to him already, no doubt wanting to go out later. Watching the women, Dan declared that he was going to quit his job as a computer-support technician and start up on Tim's gig, causing us all to laugh. â€Å"Say what you want,† I said to Kiyo, watching Tim and his admirers. â€Å"This all means Tim probably isn't coming home tonight.† â€Å"What are you saying exactly?† â€Å"That the sauna is all ours.† Not that anyone else could have really fit into it, though. My wet sauna wasn't that big, which just meant that when Kiyo and I got home, we had to be that much closer to each other. Neither of us really minded. We shed our clothes in the hallway, and he pulled me to him, hands running over my waist and lips grazing my neck. â€Å"You owe me big for making me endure that poetry,† he growled in my ear. â€Å"Whatever. That was practically foreplay. Are you saying Tim's poem about Brother Woodpecker plunging his beak into the tree didn't turn you on? You know that was a total metaphor.† Kiyo's only response was a smothering kiss that ended any other witty commentary I might make, his lips hot and hard as his tongue sought mine. Without breaking the kiss, we somehow managed to open the door to the sauna and stumble inside. Immediately, heat and steam surrounded us. Everyone always praised Arizona's heat for being dry, but I loved humidity and the way it enveloped my body. I also loved the way the moisture dampened Kiyo's dark hair, making it curl up even more against his neck. Still holding on to that kiss, he pressed me against the sauna's wooden wall, his hands gripping my hips. In only a short time, the heat had us both slick and sweating. I tangled my fingers in his hair and then ran them down his arms and chest. The oil and sweat made my hands glide effortlessly across his skin. I paused to run circles around his nipples, slowly increasing the pressure and squeezing them in the way he so often did to mine. He gave a small grunt of surprise and pleasure and then moved his lips to my neck. I tipped it back, giving him greater access. His kisses were hard, like he was trying to consume me with his mouth alone, and there were even a few teeth involved. With as fair as my skin was, he actually left me with the occasional hickey after sex. It always made me feel like I was sixteen and foolish the next day, but in the moment? It seemed totally worth it. His lips moved from my neck to my shoulder while his hands slid up from my hips to my breasts, again moving easily with all that sweat and moisture. He rubbed them and cupped them, his fingers slipping back and forth against my wet skin and occasionally pausing to stroke my nipples in a way that sent waves of need throughout my entire body. Driven to impatience by my own desire, I slid my hands down his stomach, down to the erection pressing against me. I grabbed a hold of him and started to bring him into me. Unexpectedly, he turned me around, still keeping me pressed against the wall. I held my hands against it for support while his strong fingers rubbed my back, massaging the muscles that always seemed sore lately. I gasped, finding the massage almost as arousing as the rest. It was fleeting, however. His hands soon moved to my hips again, tipping me out slightly so that I was bent over, rather than pressed flat against the wall. A moment later, he pushed against my body, and I felt him enter me. My own wetness made the thrust almost as effortless as our hands had been on each other's flesh. I cried out at the feel of him filling me up, pushing harder and harder into me. I rested my check against the sauna's wall, bracing myself and allowing him to take me more deeply. He gripped my breasts as he continued moving in and out of me, and I moaned as his touch sent shockwaves through my skin. I was overloaded with sensation as he seemed to take control of every part of my body, both inside and out. His thrusts grew more urgent and fierce; his hold on my breasts became tighter. Having him inside me built a heat between my thighs that radiated out to the rest of my body, rivaling the heat of the air around us. That bliss grew and grew to unbearable heights, until at last the orgasm burst within me, making my legs go weak and nearly give out underneath me. Every part of me tingled and burned, and the feel of him still slamming into my body was almost too much for my flooded senses. Yet, even as I thought I couldn't handle any more, I still felt that intense pleasure building within me once more and knew that it would take only a little more of this for me to come yet again. By then, Kiyo's hands had moved back to my hips, steadying himself so that he could push even harder. With all that force, it was a struggle to continue bending and not simply get pressed flat against the wall. Then, I felt his body grow tense and knew he was about to come. He made a guttural, primal sound, his thrusts growing long and deep as he came and let his own orgasm explode within me. He pressed his face against my shoulder, his motions gradually slowing down as his body sated itself. When he was done, he slid his hands from my hips to my shoulders, turning me around and pulling me toward him. We wrapped our arms around each other, gasping as we leaned against the wall. He said nothing but gently kissed my cheek. I smiled, pushing closer to him and drowning in the scent of his sweat and skin. â€Å"Worth enduring the poetry reading?† I asked. â€Å"Yes,† he said. â€Å"Definitely.† The phone woke me up the next morning. Kiyo dozed naked beside me in bed, and I had to practically crawl over him to reach my cell. It was Roland. â€Å"I found out about your crossroads. It crosses over to a town in Texas called Yellow River.† â€Å"Texas, huh?† That was unexpected. â€Å"Yep. And there are two shamans who live there already to keep an eye on it.† â€Å"Two?† There weren't really that many in our profession. We were spread thin, so more than one in a region (aside from a father-and-daughter team like Roland and me) was surprising. â€Å"It's apparently a big gate. Doesn't take much power or effort to cross through it, so it needs a lot of attention.† Interesting. Crossroads varied in accessibility. Most required more power than the average human or even gentry could use, fortunately. On certain days of the year-like Beltane and Samhain-areas between our worlds grew thin, making it easier for crossings. Those were dangerous times that kept Roland and me busy. A gateway that was usable the rest of the year was even more dangerous. But, if it was easily accessible, then it wouldn't be too difficult for these girls to cross and seek out humans to father their children. The whole thought made me squirm. A generation of half-Texan, half-gentry kids. God help us all. â€Å"Eugenie?† asked Roland warily. â€Å"What are you thinking?† â€Å"I'm thinking I need the names of those shamans.† He still seemed troubled at my involvement, but I think he felt better about me getting in touch with others-particularly others who were human. He pushed me a little about what was going on, but I still refused to talk about it. After much thanks on my part for the information, we finally disconnected. Kiyo had climbed out of bed during the call and was in the shower. As I waited for him, I wondered how I should proceed. Presumably, I should contact these shamans and see if they'd noticed a recent influx of gentry girls. If I could confirm that, it'd ease my worry about bandits (or monsters) kidnapping them, even though it still left the moral dilemma of whether I should be kicking those girls back to their own world. A drop in temperature and a prickling of my skin signaled Volusian's sudden arrival. He materialized in the darkest corner of my room, expression as sullen and malevolent as usual. â€Å"Well, this is a treat,† I said. â€Å"I do so love seeing your cheery face in the morning. What's up?† When I'd left the Otherworld last time, I'd kept Volusian on standing orders to ferry any messages over to me. My joking aside, I wasn't overly thrilled to see him because I knew it meant there was something I had to deal with. â€Å"The hulking imbecile who commands my mistress's guards has requested her presence,† said Volusian. â€Å"Do you mean Rurik?† â€Å"Yes, unless my mistress has appointed another hulking imbecile to command her guards.† â€Å"Did he say why?† If it had been more trade business, Shaya would have been the one to ask for me. â€Å"He wished to tell you that one of the missing girls returned.† â€Å"What?† I sprang out of bed and hastily threw on some clothes. Kiyo returned to the room, astonishingly sexy with wet hair, and gave me a surprised look. â€Å"What's up?† â€Å"I got a lead on one of the girls. You want to come with me?† He shook his head. He held up his white coat. â€Å"Can't. I've got to work.† I was disappointed. I would have liked to have him with me, but that petty part inside of me felt better about him working than hanging out with Maiwenn again. So, we made our good-byes, parting with a long kiss-a really long kiss. When we finally dragged ourselves away from each other, Volusian looked as though he wouldn't have minded being smote out of existence. I sent him on ahead of me and then crossed over shortly thereafter. Nia as usual fell all over herself, but I had to politely dismiss her in my eagerness to find Rurik. He was sitting with Shaya in the parlor adjacent to her room, deep in conversation. Both sprang up when they saw me. â€Å"Your majesty,† intoned Shaya politely. â€Å"Where is she?† I exclaimed. â€Å"The girl. I want to talk to her and get this settled.† Rurik grimaced. â€Å"Ah. About that.† â€Å"What's wrong? Volusian said you found her.† â€Å"Well, we did, in a manner of speaking. It was the girl from Westoria-the one whose parents spoke to you. She surfaced last night in the village, hysterical and going on and on about how she escaped and how horrible it all was.† â€Å"There really was a monster?† I said, surprised. â€Å"Or did she escape from the bandits?† I still hadn't ruled out their involvement. He shook his head. â€Å"Nobody knows. She wasn't making any sense, and mostly, her parents wanted to calm her down. In the meantime, they sent word to us because they knew you'd want to talk to her, and†¦well, that's when the problem started.† â€Å"Like the rest of this isn't already a problem?† â€Å"When the girl heard you were coming, she became even more hysterical.† â€Å"More hysterical over me than a monster or whatever?† Rurik shrugged. â€Å"As we've learned, your reputation is a bit†¦alarming to some.† â€Å"Good God. Didn't she hear I got my ass kicked by fire demons?† I sighed. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"She ran away. For real this time.† I groaned and sank back into a chair. â€Å"We sent out a search party as soon as we heard,† he added somewhat hopefully. â€Å"Well, that's something, I guess. It's one girl†¦she can't be that hard to find, right?† Rurik and Shaya exchanged doubtful looks. I groaned again. With the way the land was around here, it was likely anyone who wanted to disappear could. I'd had parties out looking for Jasmine for the last three months and found no clue to her whereabouts. â€Å"We need to start putting faces on milk cartons,† I muttered. â€Å"I beg your pardon?† asked Shaya. â€Å"Never mind. Anything else I should know about? Any word from Leith?† I figured I'd go do my meditation and connection with the land and then head back to Tucson. â€Å"Nothing yet,† said Shaya. â€Å"However†¦we did hear from Dorian.† Right. Another of my problems. She seemed a little nervous about going on. â€Å"He sent a message wondering why you hadn't contacted him yet about trade. And†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I rolled my eyes. â€Å"Go on. I expect the worst.† She looked embarrassed. â€Å"He said if you can't be troubled to come in a timely manner, then he's going to rescind his offer.† â€Å"That might not be horrible,† I pointed out. â€Å"I mean, you've told other people, right? We've got other kingdoms wanting to buy the copper, don't we?† Her look of discomfort grew. â€Å"Well, not so many.† â€Å"How many is not so many?† â€Å"Aside from the Rowan Land? None.† â€Å"Son of a bitch.† Honestly? I wouldn't have put it past Dorian to influence others not to trade with me just so he could play these games. I steeled myself and met Shaya's pleading gaze. â€Å"I don't suppose he specified what a ‘timely manner' is?† â€Å"He did, actually,† said Shaya. Rurik was smiling, which I took as a bad sign. â€Å"Today.†

Social Research Methods

Social Research Methods/Unobtrusive Research Introduction – Unobtrusive measures are ways of studying social behavior whithout affecting it in the process. Unobtrusive research is simply the methods of studying social behaviorwithout affecting it. – There are three types of unobtrusive research: Content Analysis Analysis of existing statistics Comparative and historical analysis Content Analysis – With content analysis you focus on the details of recorded human communications.For example you would analyze a painting a written document, photos, films, and things like face book. – Appropriate topics include who says what, to whom, why, how, and with what effect. For example, if our unit of analysis is writers, then we can use units of observation like novels written by them, chapters and paragraphs of the novels, etc. – Variable identification and measurement in content analysis depend on clarity of the unit of analysis. – Content Analysis involves coding which may attend to both manifest and latent content.The determination of latent content requires judgements by the researcher. – Both quantitative and qualitative techniques are appropriate for interpreting content analysis data. – There are four characteristics that are usually coded in content analysis: 1) Frequency – a count of the number of occurrences of a word, phrase, image, etc 2) Direction – the direction in meaning of the text content (e. g. positive vs negative or active vs passive) 3) Intensity – degree or strength of a text reference 4) Space – the size of the passage, image, or other content Strengths of content analysis:Research poses little to no harm on subjectsTime efficient, cheapAllows researcher to correct mistakesCan look at processes occurring over timeGood reliabilityWeaknesses of content analysis:-Limited to what the researcher is able to record -Validity can be limited – In content analysis we could employ any conventional sampling techniqu e like random, systematic, stratified, or clustered sampling. When concerning sub-sampling, sampling needs not to end with our unit of analysis.For example, if our unit of analysis is writers, then we can use units of observation like novels written by them, chapters and paragraphs of the novels, etc. Analyzing Existing Statistics – With analysis of existing statistics, your focus would be mainly statistics of different studies without confusing this with secondary analysis which is just obtaining a copy of somebody's data and carrying out ones own analysis. – When analyzing existing statistics, it may be the main source of data or a supplemental source of data. Most existing statistics come from governments and large intergovernmental organizations.When describing the units of analysis, existing statistics describe groups. You must be aware of the ecological fallacy. This means making assumptions regarding individuals based on characteristics of entire population. â⠂¬â€œ Whenever we base research on an analysis of data that already exists we’re limited to what exists. The existing data do not cover exactly what we are interested in, and our measurement may not be altogether valid representations of the variables and concepts we want to make conclusions about. Two characteristics of science are used to handle the problem of alidity in analysis of existing statistics: logical reasoning and replication. – Problems of validity in the analysis of existing statistics can often be handled through logical reasoning and replication. –Existing statistics often have problems of reliability, so they must be used with caution. Comparative and Historical Research – And lastly comparative and historical research which is the examination of societies (or other social units) over time and in comparison with one another. – An example of comparative and historical research is the U. S. nthropologist, Lewis Morgan, who saw a pro gression in societies from â€Å"savagery† to â€Å"barbarism† to â€Å"civilization. † Also Robert Redfield noticed the progression from â€Å"folk society† to â€Å"urban society. † Pitirim Sorokin however respresnts a different form of this research. He theorizes that societal trends follow a cycle pattern between two points of view. One he called â€Å"ideational† and the other â€Å"sensate. â€Å"Later he developed third point of view, which he called â€Å"idealistic. † – Historical research and sociology often use the same tools and datasets as history, but they have different goals. istoriography – methodology of doing historical research The comparative historical method was the backbone of 19th century sociology. Sociologists such as Durkheim and Weber focused in on societies and studied and categorized them during different stages of development. In the mid-twentieth century, as the United States became the center of sociological research, the comparative historical method virtually disappeared.It has been revived in the U. S. in the past 35 years by researchers inspired by the European sociological classics. – There are two types of sources a researcher can use when conducting historical research. )primary sources – physical artifacts of human societies; (ex. documents, letters, official records, personal recollections) 2)secondary sources – books and papers published by governments and historians; (ex. statistical running records) Examples of famous studies include Durkheim’s Study of Suicide and Kentor’Consequences of Globalization. – The unit of analysis of existing statistics describe groups.Means you must be aware of the ecological fallacy which involves making assumptions regarding individuals based on characteristics of entire population. Although often regarded as a qualitative method, comparative and historical research can make use of quantitative techniques. – Archives are the most important type of comparative and historical reserach because they are well maintained by reliable organizations. However, they can by biased or partially incomplete. Ethics and Unobtrusive Research – While the use of unobtrusive research does avoid many ethical issues that are frequently present in other techniques of data collection and analysis, potential ethical risks still exist.For example, the use of diaries or private communications in content analysis give rise to questions of confidentiality. – Sometimes even unobtrusive measures can raise the possibility of violating subjects privacy. – The general principles of honest observation, analysis, and reporting apply to all research techniques. – – Traditional Approaches – To conduct field research of the past, primarily using materials such as letters, diaries, documents, oral histories, etc. (often these are case studies and a re not necessarily comparative)To study different societies, using the differences and similarities to highlight macro-social theories, primarily using history books and newspapers (the facts of history themselves). Often these are studies of current history and are not necessarily truly historical. – The actual comparative study of societies and their development over long stretches of history using a variety of resources. This produces research that is both comparative and historical. – Coding: Procedure of turning raw data into a standardized form that can be interpreted by a machine and processed/analyzed.E. g. A processed scantron for an exam. Coding is the process whereby raw data are transformed into standardized form suitable for machine processing and analysis. Content analysis is essentially a coding operation. In content analysis, communications- oral, written, or other- are coded or classified according to some conceptual framework. Coding in content analys is involves the logic of conceptualization and operation, as in other research methods, you must refine your conceptual frameworks and develop specific methods for observing in relation to that framework.Latent Content: In connection with content analysis, the underlying means of communication. E. g. In a war movie, how effective the movie depicted actual combat via the flow of the movie scenes or the general reality of how well the war was captured on a subjective interpretation. Latent content is as used in connection with content analysis, the underlying meaning of communications, as distinguished from their manifest content. – Manifest Content: In connection with content analysis, the actual concrete terms within human communication.E. g. In a war movie, how many times â€Å"fire†, â€Å"shoot†, or â€Å"bomb† is said (concrete, objective terms). Coding the manifest content, the visible surface content, of a communication is analogous to using a stand ardize questionnaire. Manifest coding is more reliable than latent coding, but is generally less valid – Archives are the most important source for this type of research. They are maintained by governments, private foundations, and some corporations and

Lightweight Aggregate Concrete (LAC)

Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1: Foreword Aggregate and cement concrete drama a critical function in the civil technology where the building of constructions both for domestic and commercial intent is dependent upon the quality and scientific features of the concrete used as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) [ 1 ] . This is apparent from the fact that concrete is used in many applications apart from structural applications including insularity, make fulling etc†¦ In this study a critical analysis on the lightweight sum concrete ( LAC ) is presented to the reader. The research will supply a comprehensive penetration on the scientific facets environing LAC and the demand for utilizing LAC in structural applications. 1.2: Purpose and Aims The purpose of this study is to show a critical analysis on the Lightweight Aggregate Concrete ( LAC ) and research on its structural applications and farther developments. The above purpose is achieved by encompassing the study on the undermentioned aimsTo carry on a comprehensive overview on the Lightweight Aggregate Concrete ( LAC ) by supplying the history, definitions and economic factors environing the applications and usage of LAC in civil constructions.To supply a critical overview on the production of cement and its belongingss in the visible radiation of LAC and its application in civil constructions.To show a scientific analysis on the belongingss of LAC utilizing different composing stuffs including both the mechanical and chemical belongingss.To look into on the ordinances refering to LAC and their effects on a specific composing of LAC in a given geographical part.To look into on the LAC production and usage in Greece.1.3: Research Scope The presence of concrete in civil technology is thorough in nature and therefore the research range is limited to the composing of the LAC and its application in civil construction applications. The cardinal facets of the LAC and its industry in Greece is besides included in the range of the research although a planetary research on the LAC industry and ordinances refering to LAC is out of range of this undertaking. The research range besides includes the probe of the general ordinances adhered in the Europe including the ACI-318 and design considerations in the visible radiation of Seismic Design. 1.4: Research methodological analysis The nature of the research is dependent on the analysis and findings environing the LAC which is used in civil constructions. Since constructing a civil construction is non portion of the undertaking due to be and resource restraints, the research methodological analysis is strictly dependent on qualitative analysis utilizing secondary research informations. The qualitative attack to research in instances of the technology analysis is advised as a dependable attack as the findings from the research on the secondary resources are already published therefore supplying a validated beginning of information for analysis. This is farther justified by John W. Creswell ( 2002 ) [ 2 ] . Hence the research methodological analysis in this study is qualitative research utilizing published resources including diaries, text books and scientific documents. The Internet is used as the chief hunt infinite for roll uping information to execute the qualitative analysis. 1.5: Chapter Overview Chapter 1: Introduction This is the current chapter where the reader is provided with a brief debut on the subject, research purpose and aims, range and methodological analysis. The chapter sets the phase for the overall research presented in the study. Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal In this chapter a historic overview on the concrete and the usage of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete ( LAC ) is presented to the reader. This is so followed by the definition of the LAC and its application in the civil structural applications from a historic position. The chapter is concluded with an overview on the economic factors and benefits realised through the usage of the LAC in the civil construction applications with illustrations. The economic overview besides throws visible radiation on the cardinal facets of LAC that benefit the overall concrete composing in structural applications every bit good as supply a elaborate reappraisal of the assorted LAC composings used in the yesteryear during the initial phases of LAC’s usage in the building industry. Chapter 3: Concrete Production This chapter presents a elaborate overview on the modern concrete production techniques and the development of the production techniques over the old ages. The two popular techniques used in the production viz. the rotary kiln and the sintering procedure with penetration on the fluctuations is presented to the reader in this chapter. Furthermore, the lightweight sum production and the cardinal production methods used in the commercial applications including the advantages associated are presented to the reader. Chapter 4: LAC – Properties, Regulations and composing analysis based on geographics. This chapter presents a critical analysis on the belongingss of LAC and the assorted combination of lightweight sum that is used in different classs of the building. The research throws visible radiation on the assorted composings of lightweight sum and their distinguishable characteristics that help accomplish the coveted benefits in a structural application. The chapter so presents a critical overview on the ordinances refering to the LAC followed by the composing analysis based on the stuffs that are available locally to a given geographical location. The chosen geographics for this research is Greece. Chapter 5: Decision This chapter reviews the aims of the research followed by supplying the decision to the study. Chapter 2: Literature Reappraisal 2.1: Historical overview Concrete, typically a mixture of sand, crushed rock and cement day of the months back to ancient history when ruddy calcium hydroxide was used as a cementing constituent in doing concrete ( Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra, 2002 ) . This makes it clear that the current mixtures of concrete have evolved over the historic periods to provide assorted technology demands with the developments in scientific discipline and the inventions in technology as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . A classical illustration for the development of concrete since the ancient history is the usage of concrete by Romans in 300 BC when they found that blending a pink sand-like stuff which was volcanic ash they obtained from Pozzuoli with their normal lime-based concretes resulted in a far stronger stuff. The history behind the usage of sum to do concrete mix day of the months back to every bit early as the early the Roman period when the Romans used advanced methods in fixing concrete mixes with different sum stuffs to accommodate the structural demands and strength. The classical illustrations for the above statement include the usage of lightweight sums as in the roof of the Pantheon, and embedded support in the signifier of bronze bars as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . The engineering in concrete utilizing different sums every bit good as accounting for thermic and other physical qualities of re-enforcing stuffs to do concrete mixes that provide the coveted strength is apparent throughout history although the industrial revolution and the addition in the technology and the function of steel in the 20Thursdaycentury have increased the invention every bit good as developments around the engineering of doing the right concrete mix. Concrete is non merely a critical component in the civil structural applications but besides a cardinal component in many other applications environing the building concern doing it one of the of import and most sought after merchandise in the technology concern itself as argued by Fu-Tung Cheng and Eric Olsen ( 2002 ) [ 3 ] . This is of course because of the fact that concrete is non merely a constituent in the building of civil constructions but besides a design ingredient in make up one's minding upon the strength, truss and other physical elements that govern the stableness of a given edifice. This is besides justified in the statements of Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . The definition of cement in technology footings refers to pulverize stuffs which develop strong adhesive qualities when combined with H2O. This makes it clear that the cementing action of volcanic ash that was used to do concrete by the Romans autumn under the cement. It is farther apparent that concrete is referred to as a composite edifice stuff made from the combination of sum and cement binder. From the above it is clear that the developments in the quality of cement and the innovation of Portland cement, gypsum plaster, etc†¦ have a direct influence on the development of the concrete engineering although the aggregative constituent of the concrete composing plays an every bit of import function in assorted mixes of concrete that serve a coveted intent as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . Another component of greater significance to the development of concrete engineering in the recent old ages every bit early as the 1900s is the development of concrete boats during the 2nd universe war where the lightweight sum concrete played a critical function in the design and building of the ships itself as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) [ 4 ] . It is besides interesting to observe that the importance of concrete has increased with the demand for refined and purpose specific concrete mixes where the function of concrete has been non merely to supply the structural support but besides the coveted strength at the needed physical conditions that is set in the given geographical location as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2002 ) . The growing of the expanded clay and shale industry since the morning of the 20Thursdaycentury and the developments during the Second World War when the lightweight sum concrete utilizing clay and shale was used to build the war ships marked the accelerated growing of the usage of lightweight aggregative concrete as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . 2.2: Definition of lightweight sum In order to specify the lightweight sum – the subject under research in this thesis, it is indispensable to show the basicss environing the lightweight sum. Hence this subdivision foremost presents a brief research on sum, its function in building as portion of the concrete mix and so travel towards the nucleus subject ( i.e. ) the definition of lightweight sum. Aggregate is the footings used to jointly mention to the ingredients in doing a concrete mix that gives strength and texture to the overall concrete composing made of sand, cement and sum as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . Aggregate is the composite stuff of the concrete that is aimed to defy compressive emphasis doing it clear that the size, strength and weight of the aggregative stuffs are critical constituents for the overall efficiency of the concrete to pull off the compressive emphasis as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . The modern twenty-four hours concrete utilizations Portland cement as the cementing component and the sum that is held together by the cement and H2O to plan concrete for different grades of strengths, lastingness, heat & A ; sound insularity, and H2O stringency as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . This makes it clear that the sum is the critical constituent of the concrete that attributes to observe merely the strength and quality of the concrete but besides dictates the nature of the applications and the extent to which invention in technology can be taken to. The cardinal physical quality of the sum is the compressive strength that it can back up for a given composing. The lightweight sums that are researched in this study typically attribute to up to 80 lbs per square inch which is used chiefly applications that demand lightweight concrete by virtuousness of the placement or for the support, insularity etc. specific gravitation is another critical component in depicting the quality of sum as the specific gravitation off the substance is straight relative to its emphasis and squeezability factors as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . A typical combination and most popular in the building industry for the sum is the crushed rock and sand mix at different sizes and squeezability that are used in high demand building structural applications as argued by Glenn A. Black. Hence sum in concrete is defined as the constituent of concrete that attributes to the strength, lastingness, squeezability and insularity properties to back up the coveted building application. Lightweight Aggregate Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) says â€Å"The term â€Å" Lightweight Aggregate † describes a scope of particular usage sums that have an evident specific gravitation well below normal sand and crushed rock which were at one clip used in about all concrete† . From the above it is clear that the lightweight sum is one of the critical elements that makes concrete flexible and various to do the overall structural design and specifications as to run into the building demands as argued by Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) . It is besides interesting to observe that the lightweight sum in the concrete that is made utilizing light weight stuffs besides provide an appreciable degree of squeezability every bit good as possess strength that can be defined based on the composing therefore doing it a versatile and cost effectual procedure in the production procedure itself. The scope of lightweight sum is extended in nature from highly light stuffs used for insularity and non-structural concrete all the manner to expanded clays and shales used for structural concrete. This makes it clear that the lightweight sum in the concrete is chiefly aimed to accomplish high degree of physical stableness and squeezability through efficaciously using the physical qualities of the aggregative stuffs. This is farther justified in the statements of Leif Berntsson Satish Chandra ( 2002 ) who argues that the lightweight sum in the concrete is a major measure towards invention in the field of technology itself. The strength and the air trapped in each single atom of the constituents of the aggregative stuffs are reciprocally relative to each other therefore doing it clear that in order to derive lightweight aggregate the sum of air trapped in the single atoms must be high therefore doing it clear that the strength of the concrete therefore obtained is low. The above relationship stated provides the counsel to guarantee the balance between the air trapped and the strength required in the concrete mix therefore doing the overall lightweight sum concrete customisable to run into the structural demands of the application on manus. Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Spectrum The concrete spectrum ensuing from the usage of the lightweight sum is highly diverse in nature runing from really lightweight sum concrete up to high strength sums dedicated for specific bespoke applications as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . The ace lightweights scope of aggregative concrete that are derived from Vermiculite and Perlite are the capable of presenting weights every bit low as 15 to 20 lbs per three-dimensional pes therefore doing it clear the application of lightweight sums in the technology concern provides a diverse scope of applications for concrete. The natural sums, Pumice and Scoria for illustration can be used to do concrete deliberation at approximately 25 to 30 lbs per three-dimensional pes and extended every bit high as 65 lbs per three-dimensional pes as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . Furthermore, the usage of coal clinkers and expanded shale, clay and slate sums produced utilizing rotary kiln method can present weights in a varying scope from 75 to 120 lbs per three-dimensional pes. Another popular production method for this scope of sums includes the sintering where the weights are delivered typically runing from 90 to 120 lbs per three-dimensional pes. The high terminal applications of aggregative concrete include the production of sums capable of presenting weights up to 150 lbs per three-dimensional pes utilizing the air-cooled scoria sums and the hard-rock sums such as sand and crushed rock and crushed rock, which produce conventional concretes as mentioned by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . From the above it is clear that the sums that lie in the lower terminal of the weight that have lower compressive strength are used chiefly for insularity intents whilst those in the in-between spectrum are used for insularity and filling. The high terminal of the lightweight sum concrete spectrum are used in a broad scope of structural applications that demand high compressive strengths every bit good as efficient direction of weight as argued by Glenn A. Black. The concrete spectrum for the lightweight sum concrete is presented in the figure below Fig 1: Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Spectrum ( Beginning: Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) ,Lightweight Concrete history, Applications and Economics,Indiana University ) 2.3: Economicss environing lightweight Aggregate Concrete The cardinal facets of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete that attribute to the economical and structural benefits derived through the structural applications utilizing LAC include the undermentioned 2.3.1:Fire opposition– Resistance to fire is one of the critical elements that is expected in concrete to guarantee that the fire opposition and the structural stableness of the civil construction is maintained through the usage of aggregative concrete as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) [ 5 ] . The fire opposition of lightweight sum is higher compared to the typical concrete sum chiefly because of the fact that the aggregative stuffs composing the lightweight sum have lower thermic conduction, lower coefficient of thermic enlargement as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . The fact that the aggregative stuffs possess built-in fire resistant belongingss is the cardinal component that is emphasised and strengthened in instance of the lightweight aggregates where the aforesaid heat opposition belongingss help accomplish higher fire opposition. It is besides interesting to observe that the built-in fire stableness of sum is high and in instance o f the lightweight sum it is at a heat of over 2000 grades Fahrenheit. As it is stated in the â€Å"ACI 216 â€Å" Standard Method for Determining fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry Construction Assemblies † , when slab thickness is determined by fire opposition and non by structural standards ( Goists, waffle slabs e.g. ) , the superior public presentation of lightweight concrete, will cut down the thickness of slabs ensuing in significantly lower concrete volumes† , ( John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm, 2006 ) . From the above it is clear that the fire opposition belongingss of the lightweight sum straight contributes to the overall structural stableness and the decrease in the volume occupied by the concrete in the structural applications. This justifies the various nature of the lightweight sum therefore enabling it to be used in advanced structural applications as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . 2.3.2: Service Life of the Structure– The service life of the construction is another critical component that is used as step of economic usage in instance of measuring the concrete and the aggregative efficiency against the capital invested as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) further provinces that the lastingness of lightweight sum is high and the life of the constructions constructed utilizing lightweight sum prove to hold higher life lastingness. The historical grounds to warrant the aforesaid include popular constructions likeThe Port of Cosa –built about 273 B.C. where the builders used lightweight concrete made out of natural volcanic stuffs,The Pantheonthat was finished in 27 B.C that incorporates concrete changing in denseness from underside to exceed of the dome and the most popular Amphitheater, built in 75 to 80 A.D. where the foundations were cast as lightweight concrete utilizing crushed volcanic lava as argued b y John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . From the above statements it is apparent that the lastingness of the constructions designed utilizing the lightweight concrete is extended in nature. Looking into the more modern illustrations to warrant the service life of the lightweight sum used in concrete for building include the lightweight concrete ships built by the American Emergency Fleet Corporation during the First World War. The compressive strengths of the concrete used were in the scope of 5000 pounds per square inch ( 35 MPa ) obtaining a unit weight of 110 lb/ftJ ( 1760 kg/mJ ) or less utilizing the rotary kiln produced expanded shale and clay sum as identified by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . The service of these lightweight concrete boats during the universe wars and their subsequent in the merchandiser ships warrant the lastingness and service life of the lightweight sum used in concrete building applications. Furthermore, the fact that the higher degree of air trapped in the atoms make the submergence efficient in instance of the marine applications makes lightweight sum as a natural pick for the Marine applications although the usage of lightweig ht concrete extends to commercial structural applications in many Bridgess across the United States of America where the structural efficiency and stableness on Bridgess that were deemed unserviceable due to hapless burden bearing capablenesss was improved through the usage of lightweight aggregative concrete as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . Furthermore, the critical component that attributes to the service life of the lightweight concrete is the heat opposition, opposition to environmental corrosion and its lightweight that reduces the burden on the construction doing its service life longer than the typical concrete applications. 2.3.3: Economic sustainability John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) argue that the structural applications in the modern yearss are judged against the cost, functionality, aesthetics or a combination of these as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . This makes it clear that the costs associated with the building of the construction every bit good as the running costs associated with care, infinite and fix are the critical elements that attribute to the pick of a given concrete mix over another. The lightweight sum that is used in the LAC is higher in costs compared to the typical concrete mix as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . This is of course because of the demand to bring forth the concrete mix utilizing stuffs of alone physical belongingss and the extent of research and development involved with the overall design of the building application. Alongside, the cost is treated as the cardinal component in instance of commercial execution of building applications preponderant ly because of the fact that the step on the returns in footings of return on investing is attributable when compared against the costs associated with the building of the construction. John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) say that although the capital involved with the building of lightweight constructions is high, the fact that the low care costs and costs associated with other back uping constructions during the buildings like the decrease in steel, girders and besides the decrease in the slab thickness will equilibrate the costs with the production of the LAC concrete mix itself. This farther justifies that the economic sustainability where the return on the investing and the optimal pick for building is accomplishable utilizing lightweight sum as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) The statements of Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) that the lightweight sum besides has the benefit of lower degree of care and negligible fixs associated due to its lastingness features farther justify that the effectivity of the lightweight sum in accomplishing economic sustainability is high. Hence the lightweight sum is extremely recommended in the building of critical structural applications like Bridgess and commercial edifice where the burden bearing is high and the infinite is a critical component to salvage costs. 2.3.3: Energy ingestion and energy nest eggs– The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive of the European Union is a classical illustration for the justification that the composing of the concrete and the belongingss of the constituents consisting the construction of constructing commercial and domestic contribute straight to the overall energy ingestion as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . This is farther justified in the statements of Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) [ 6 ] where the writer has justified that the concrete mix and the design of the overall construction to accommodate the structural demands have a direct impact on the energy ingestion. Alongside, the heat immune belongingss of the lightweight sum and the ability to pin down higher sum of air within the atoms consisting the sum further do the lightweight sum to be able to run into the warming and chilling demands in a given construction as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . It is besides interesting t o observe that the energy public presentation efficiency in the edifice particularly in the West where a major part of the energy is used for heating intents justify that the concrete mix and the aggregative composing to do the concrete mix are critical for the successful energy nest eggs in the edifices as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . The lastingness, stableness and other physical belongingss including the squeezability of an aggregative stuff property to the ability of the concrete used in the edifice to retain heat therefore cut downing the ingestion of energy for interior warming intents as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . It is besides a good known fact that the decrease in the concrete denseness increases the thermic opposition therefore doing it clear that the lightweight sum will increase the thermic opposition due to the lower specific gravitation of the aggregative composing that reduces the denseness of the concrete used in the building of the construction. A typical illustration is the concrete denseness of 90lb/cubic pes will hold a opposition ( R value ) of 0.26/inch whilst the R value for a denseness of 135lb/cubic pes is about 0.10/inc therefore doing it clear the energy efficiency is greatly increased through the usage of lightweight sums as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . Chapter 3: Concrete Production 3.1: Overview The production of concrete mix utilizing the sum is achieved through the commixture of the sum, sand and cement with right sums of H2O to bring forth the concrete mix of the necessary strength. The concrete commixture is dependent upon the quality of the sum every bit good as the cement used to accomplish the coveted denseness, strength and squeezability of the concrete for the structural application. In this chapter a critical overview on the cement production followed by the production methods for lightweight sums is presented to the reader. 3.2: Cement Production The chief ingredient for the production of cement is limestone of changing chemical composings that are freely available in the preies as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . The lime rock is processed and farther chemicals are added to derive the cement of the necessary strength and squeezability. The undermentioned explains the production procedure briefly The natural limestone of changing chemical combinations is foremost collected to fix the natural mix where the limestone is assorted with minerals of minerals incorporating Ca oxide, Si oxide, aluminum oxide, ferrous oxide, and Mg oxide. This mixture is prepared to a all right mixture which forms the natural mix for a typical Portland cement. This is so blended to organize the natural blend where the natural mix is formulated to a really tight chemical preparation to derive the coveted strength from the finished green goods of the cement as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . The natural blending procedure is conducted in a manner where the comparative content of each oxide in the chemical composing is kept changeless throughout the production procedure in order to guarantee that the belongingss of the concluding merchandise is non altered. It is besides argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) really little alterations to the Ca content in the natural mix may take to big alterations in the ratio of alite to belite in the cinder, and to matching alterations in the cement ‘s strength-growth features ( Sarah Gaventa, 2006 ) . This makes it clear that the effectual control of the natural mix is critical for the production of consistent quality cement to run into the demands of the structural application. The following phase is the preparation of the cinder where the blend natural mixture is put through a complex chemical reaction procedure in a big cement kiln with temperature increasing over the length of the cylinder as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . The concluding merchandise of the procedure is called cinder which is the concluding merchandise of the cement produced in the solid signifier at the coveted chemical combination. This is so put through a cement crunching procedure where the cinder that is produced is assorted with little sums of Ca sulfate to crunch the cement to the desired coarseness in order to back up the structural application. Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) further argues that the major constituents that decide on the strength and quality of cement include the undermentionedCinderGypsumLimestoneBlast Furnace SlagThe Blast Furnace Slag is one of the critical elements in lending to the stableness of the chemical reaction in the cement kiln as argued by Sarah Gaventa ( 2006 ) . Another interesting component with the blast furnace scoria is the fact that the effectual usage of the scoria in the cement production procedure besides allows to command the specific gravitation of the cement when assorted with aggregative and H2O to organize concrete every bit good as the ability to make the coveted strength of the cement concrete through the right combination of limestone and gypsum. The schematic of the cement production procedure is presented in the fig 2 below. Fig 2: Cement production Schematic ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cimnat.com.lb/Production/Model.gif ) 3.3: Sum production The aggregative production is the following critical component in the lightweight concrete readying as the lightweight sum is one of the major elements that must be produced at a higher degree of preciseness in order to guarantee the coveted degree of strength and specific gravitation are achieved as argued by John P. Ries and Thomas A. Holm ( 2006 ) . The rotary kiln method is a traditional method of production which is popular since 1946 as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . The procedure of the production involves the application of heat to shale, clay and slate under controlled conditions. The conditions include the force per unit area and other features that trigger chemical reactions in order to accomplish the preferable specific gravitation and denseness of the sum constituent which is so land to the needed coarseness as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) . The sintering method every bit good as the rotary kiln method typically use the similar base natural stuff that comprise of a extremely silicious clay or shale that exhibits a bloating characteristic which is achieve through gas-forming minerals which release gas on exposure to the desired degree of heat as argued by Glenn B. Black ( 2004 ) . It is besides interesting to observe that the readying of the sum is dependent upon the extent to which the force per unit area and the external temperature is controlled that set the temperature-based chemical reactions as argued by Glenn A. Black ( 2004 ) .